I 







REFERENCE BOOK 



(ILLUSTRATED ) 



INTERESTING FACTS AND VALUABLE INFORMATION 



FOR 



Packers of 



Fflrit?, Vegetable? aijd Qpei?. 



THE WARFIELD MANUFACTURING CO. 

BALTIMORE, MD. 





SSf 



■ . - ' - • 



^ REFERENCE BOOK 




♦E4-0- 



(illustrated) 



Interesting Facts and Valuabli 
Information for Packers 



OF 



pruit5, l/e$etabl<?s apd 0y5^rs. 



TtjEWARFlELD- MANUFACTURING -CO, 



jlos. 336, 332, 34O and 342 plorth gtreet 

/ %. 

FEI )r 

BALTIMORE, MD. 



/y\ai)ufa(;tur^r8 of Special /I)atf?ii^ry. 



Compliments of 

S. DAVIES WARFIELD, 

President, 



r# 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, by 

S. D. WARFIELD, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



PRESS OF ISAAC FRIEDENWALD, BALTO. 









GREETING 



THIS BOOK is designed to supply such "points" in con- 
nection with the canning of fruits and vegetables as may 
be useful to the packer of those articles; together with the 
best and latest appliances to produce the finest grade of goods 
at the least possible cost. 

The writer, by reason of his association with a company whose 
special line of manufacture has been that of machinery for canning 
purposes, whose success in the construction of new or patented 
appliances for the use of packers is well known to the trade, and 
in addition being largely interested, personally, in the packing 
of vegetables, etc., and in his own packing houses having had 
the advantage of personally testing such articles of machinery as 
may be herein recommended, feels that the experience gained 
from such sources should qualify him, to some extent at least, 
for the work he has undertaken. 
Respectfully, 

S. D. WARF1ELD, 
President, The Warfield Mfg. Co. 

Baltimore, January, I 



#> 






mtm 



"My Maryland" 's a grand old Slate, 
To give us food "for tin" — 

Not only a " wrapper for the goods" 
But also "what's within." 

Our Bay affords us oysters fine, 

Our lands, fruits, and vegetables too ; 

And now to pack them good and cheap, 
It gives us " Warfield" this to do. 



ONE MOMENT, 



What a luxury, to have on our table in the midst of winter the 
various fruits and vegetables, retaining all the richness and flavor of 
their natural state before going into the can ! 

Each year has marked some improvement in the method of pre- 
paring the different varieties of food for canning, until now, with the 
various appliances and improved machinery at command, the careful 
packer is enabled to preserve each article in hermetically sealed 
cans, to be opened months afterwards — yea, even years — as good, 
rich and nice as when first packed. Thus has the canning industry 
become one of the greatest of the country, employing thousands of 
hands, and giving to the world food in convenient packages which 
may be transported to the most remote corner of the globe. 

Baltimore has long been recognized as the great center of the 
canning industry of the country, and it is unquestionably the most 
important industry of Maryland in operation at present, particularly 
when considering the immense force of workers it employs, Harford 
County, Maryland, containing the greatest number of packing-houses 
of any county in the United States. 

The fruit and vegetable packing season begins in May and c6n- 
tinues until about October, the various articles being packed in about 
the following order : 



Early June Peas, 


Marrowfat Peas, 


Tomatoes, 


Pineapples, 


Raspberries, 


Peaches, 


Strawberries, 


Whortleberries, 


Pears, 


Gooseberries, 


Blackberries, 


Lima Beans : 


String Beans, 


Green Gages, 


Corn, 


Cherries, 


Damsons, 


Apples. 



The labor employed in the packing trade is composed largely of 
/Bohemians, who are very hard-working people, and if permitted, will 
work twenty hours out of the twenty-four. They all work — men, 
women, boys and girls; and there can be no more interesting sight 
than a visit to a large canning factory when in full operation — the 
mother, with her entire family — the baby rolled in a blanket, asleep, 
tucked away on some convenient box, while she, with her boys and 
girls, are at work to procure the means with which to support their 
home. 

It can be said that there are no " hours of labor" about the pack- 
ing house in busy season, as they are at work on perishable goods 
which must be put up. 

Wages are paid mostly by " piece work," and vary according to 
the article being packed. 

The Oyster season runs from about the middle of October until 
March. 

Nothing is so essential to the successful packing of goods as good 
water, plenty of it, and convenient to the canning factory. 

Another important feature is to have sufficient capacity, particu- 
larly steam capacity, to meet any emergency which may arise in the 
heart of the busy season ; for the canning season is a busy one, and 
each article of machinery should be in its place, tested and known to 
be right before starting. Then to exercise judgment in the pro- 
curing of the best goods to put up, observing cleanliness in the 
various departments of the business, not only in the preparation of 
the goods for the can, but in the care of the cans after being packed. 

Often has the sale of a nice lot of goods been ruined by the bad 
appearance of the cans or boxes. Therefore it is advisable that 
goods should be stored in a house that can be closed up. 

It is highly important to have accurate thermometers and gauges 
on the process kettles, for upon their accuracy depends, in a large 
measure, the quality of the goods. They should be tested from time 
to time to insure their perfection. 



In the selection of such machines or machinery as may be neces- 
sary to the business, let the first consideration be to procure that 
which will produce the best quality of goods; cheapening in the 
preparation of the same by saving of labor, while a very important 
point of course, should be a secondary consideration, for a fine grade 
of goods will always bring its worth, whereas a cheap grade often 
sells cheap. 

Let the main object of the packer be — how nice he can make his 
goods, not how many he can pack — "quality rather than quantity." 



SUGAR CORN. 

There is no article " in tin," in which the past two or three seasons 
have marked greater advancement than in sugar corn, not only in 
quality and " mode of putting up," but in the expeditious and cleanly 
manner of handling the same. 

Isaac Winslow, of Portland, Me., is supposed to have been the first 
to pack sugar corn in hermetically sealed cans for sale. His first 
experiments were made in about the year 1842, and in the year 1863 
he obtained letters patent of the United States for the invention. He 
was the uncle of the well-known Jno. Winslow Jones who will be 
remembered from the celebrated Jones-McMurray suit, when Mr. Jones 
sued Louis McMurray of Maryland, in 1874, for infringement of the 
Winslow patents referred to. Mr. Jones lost his suit, and thus the 
packing of sugar corn became general throughout the country. It 
may be well to state here that Louis McMurray (lately deceased) 
operated the largest corn-packing establishment in the world. This 
factory is located at Frederick, Md., and has a capacity of 150,000 
cans per day. 

The principal varieties of seed in use are " Stowell's Evergeeen " 
and " Egyptian," the former being largely the favorite, it being a 
hardy plant and yielding largely to the acre. In the selection of 
seed, care should be exercised to procure good, sound seed, northern 
grown being preferred by many packers. 

Planting should begin about May 1st, provided the season is suffi- 
ciently advanced, and continued at intervals, according to the acreage 
to be planted, until about June 20th — sugar corn planted later than 
this rarely amounting to much. The proper preparation of the land 
before planting is a very important item ; thoroughly prepared land 
being equivalent to one working. If planted by hand, not less than 
4 to 6 grains should be dropped to the hill to insure " a stand," 
thinning out after the corn comes up to two stalks in the hill. Most 
growers prefer to use a corn-drill for planting their corn, preferably 
one that will checker the corn to be worked both ways. 



TO 



Experience has proven that it pays to use some good fertilizer 
for sugar corn, sown with a wheat-drill before planting, a little being 
used in the corn-drill when planting, or dropped on hill if planted 
by hand. 

Sugar corn requires good land. The corn should be well worked 
while young, and every effort made to secure a good "stand" at 
first planting, replanting rarely turning out much. In pulling the corn 
it is highly important to have it young and tender ; better be a little 
too green than too old. It should not be piled too high in the husking 
yard, 18 inches to 2 feet is high enough, to prevent heating. Corn 
should never be allowed to lie in the yard longer than possible, it 
should be worked up promptly in the order that the loads arrive, 
allowing only the last loads to lie over night to make a start in the 
morning. 

A fair average for a crop of corn, taken all through, is about 50 to 
60 cases per acre, although as high as 150 cases are produced on a 
single acre. About 2\ tons per acre (weighed in the husk) is a fair 
average for a crop, taken all through. As high as 6 tons, however, 
are grown to a single acre. It depends entirely upon the character 
of the soil and care given the crop. The factories of Maryland open 
on corn about the middle of August. The corn is husked by the 
basket, 2 or 3 cents per basket being paid. 

After the corn is husked it is ready to be cut from the cob. It is 
advisable to have the ears " picked over " or " culled " before going 
to the machines, throwing out bad or defective ears. 

It might be well to call attention at this point to the two modes of 
packing corn, known as the Eastern or "dry pack," and the Mary- 
land or " moist pack." It will be understood that an entirely different 
process of handling the corn is employed in these two methods. 1 
For the purpose of removing the grain from the cob, the most 
successful and practical machine on the market is the " Warfield 
Patent Cutter." This machine (a cut of which is given, together 
with a few extracts from letters received, on page 28) is strongly 
built of iron (weight 600 lbs) and can be run by hand or 
steam power (steam power preferably). It is positively the only 
practical machine manufactured possessing the advantage of being 
capable of adjustment to cut the grain zuhole from the cob without 
mashing (according to the Maryland or "moist" style of pack), 
leaving the grain as whole as when cut by hand ; or^the^'grain can 



II 

be cut at any depth desired and the balance scraped from the cob 
(according to the Eastern or " dry " pack). 

Thus it will be seen that the owner of this machine is enabled to 
pack either or both of the two styles of pack mentioned above, it 
simply being a matter of the adjustment of the cutter. 

The "Warfield Cutter" has been in use a number of years, during 
which time it has been steadily improved, all weak points being 
corrected, and it is now generally regarded as the best and most 
complete machine for its purpose in existence. There is practically 
no waste when using the cutter, and the corn cut by the same is of 
superior quality. 

The Maryland or " moist" pack will first be described. 

In the first place, the knives of the cutting machines are set to cut 
the grain close to the cob, in close imitation of " hand cutting." So 
perfectly will this machine (Warfield) perform this operation that it 
is impossible to tell the difference between corn cut by hand and 
that cut by the machine. For this grade of corn, one set of "scrapers " 
(4) is removed from the machine, the other set (4) being set to bear 
very lightly on the cob, sufficiently hard to press some of the milk 
therefrom. Thus you get the whole grain with sufficient milk to 
retain the natural flavor of sugar corn. 

After the corn is cut from the cob it is poured into the "silking" 
machine, which separates from the grain the silk and particles of husk 
and cob that may be therein. 

The best machine for this purpose, and the one now in almost 
general use, is the " Wa?field Silking Machine" cut of which is 
given on page 38. It has very large capacity, silking thoroughly 
25,000 to 30,000 cans per day, is strongly constructed, and can be 
readily cleaned while in operation. 

From the "Silker" the corn is filled into the cans (2 lb). This 
is accomplished by means of the Warfield- Nichols Ca?i Filler, cut 
of which is shown on page 41, The Warfield Manufacturing 
Company being sole manufacturers of the same. This machine 
automatically carries the cans under the filling mechanism, which 
measures and puts the required amount of corn into each can, then 
discharges the filled cans at the other end of the machine. It has 
a filling attachment for putting the requisite quantity of brine in each 
can, which can be detached if desired, and the cans "dipped" or 
filled with brine by means of the u Dipping Machine," to be described 



12 



later on, as many packers prefer to " dip " the cans after being filled 
with corn. This " Filler " can be adjusted to put any quantity of corn 
into the can desired ; it is run by steam power, and will fill 25 to 
35,000 cans per day. 

Another method of filling is by means of a metal plate through 
which a number of holes are cut corresponding to the number of 
holes in the cans when packed closely together on the packing table. 
This plate is surrounded by a wooden frame. A sufficient quantity 
of corn is weighed to fill the cans, poured into the apparatus, and 
worked into the cans. 

The quantity of corn necessary to properly fill a can, or to produce 
a " standard " can of corn, must be regulated by the packer ; it varies 
according to the condition of the corn. It requires more weight of 
corn to fill when young and tender than when the corn is older. A 
can should "cut out full of corn," and the aim of the packer should 
be to produce a full can of young and tender corn, well cleaned and 
of bright color ; must not be too full, or the can is likely to either 
burst in the process or " swell " after same. 

After being filled with corn, the brine is next put into the can. 
The only machine for this purpose is the " Warfield- Winters Can 
Dipping Machine." 

This machine (shown on page 42) runs by steam power, and is 
connected to a brine cask by a pipe provided with a valve, thus per- 
mitting as much brine to flow into the machine as the cans in filling 
take therefrom. The cans are placed in one end of the machine, 
are automatically carried through, filled, drained, and discharged at 
the other end. This machine is a model of perfection in its way, and 
will fill and drain in the most perfect manner, putting the requisite 
quantity of brine into each can, from 25 to 30,000 cans per day. 

From the " Dipping Machine " the cans are placed in trays, the 
tops "wiped" (to clean the groove where the cap is soldered) 
and caps put on. They are then taken to the " Warfield- Winters 
Capping Machine," where the cans are capped. This machine can 
be operated by any one of ordinary intelligence, and is strongly and 
compactly built. Cut of the machine will be found on page 45. 

The cans are now ready for the " exhaust." This consists in 
expelling or "exhausting" the air from the can through the "tip " 
hole which has been left open when the cans were capped, by 
immersing them in boiling water. 



13 

The old method for " exhausting " was to place the cans in crates 
holding one layer each. These crates were then lowered by a crane 
into tubs containing boiling water, where they were allowed to 
remain the requisite length of time. A number of tubs were neces- 
sary to accomplish this result, and great care exercised to take the 
time each crate of cans was put in the exhaust, in order to give the 
proper time. The extra handling of the cans from the exhaust to 
the process crates was also a disadvantage and expense. The 
li War field- Winters Exhauster" has supplanted the old method 
(See cut, page 46.) 

This machine is run by steam power, and is so constructed as to be 
adjusted to give the cans the proper time for exhaust, thereby dis- 
pensing with the necessity of " taking the time" when the goods are 
put in. The same trays in which the cans are placed from the 
capping machines are put in the "exhauster" at one end, automati- 
cally carried through the boiling water-bath and delivered at the 
other end of the machine to the tipping bench, having received the 
proper time. The cans are now " tipped " in the same tray in which 
they came through the machine, the trays are then placed in the 
11 Warfield Test Tub" (see cut on page 47), where they are lowered 
into boiling water to test the cans and caps. This " test tub " is a 
very simple and convenient contrivance for testing cans and is easily 
worked. From the "test tub" the cans are placed in the process 
crates. It will thus be seen that there has been no change of cans 
from the trays in which they were placed at the capping machines, 
to the process kettle, dispensing entirely with the exhaust crates, 
tubs, and crane fixtures for hoisting the exhaust crates ; also dis- 
pensing with the additional handling of cans necessary with the old 
method, and the "keeping of time" — the "exhauster" taking the 
place of the entire " old time " outfit. 

For the purpose of "processing" or "cooking" goods "in tin," 
the "Shriver Patent Process Kettle " is the most popular now on the 
market. This kettle, a cut of which will be found on page 48, 
is manufactured exclusively by The Warfield Manufacturing. 
Company, and possesses the advantage of being adapted for use with 
either dry steam or steam and water ; the steam and water process 
being generally considered the safest and best principle for cooking 
goods. By the use of this kettle and its appliances, a uniform heat 
is obtained, and the large number now in use fully attest its supe- 
riority over any other processing apparatus manufactured. 



14 

After the crates are taken from the kettle they are lowered into 
the cooling tub (containing cold water) and allowed to remain until 
the cooking process going on in the can when taken from the 
kettle is checked ; afterwards the crates are placed on the floor truck 
(page 55) and conveyed where desired. Thus is completed, in the 
most approved manner, the packing -of corn by the Maryland or 
" moist" pack. 

Now the Eastern or " dry "pack. For this class of goods, the 
knives of the cutting machines are set to cut the grain to about one- 
half its depth, the full complement of " scrapers " (two sets, eight in 
all) are left on the machine and set to scrape from the cob, the remain- 
ing portion of the grain not cut by the knives ; thus removing from 
the cob all the corn — part in the form of grain, the balance in the 
form of " pulp." 

There are two methods of handling the corn cut in this manner : 
one is by means of the steaming process, as follows : 

After passing through the " silking" machine, the corn is poured 
into the " Hemingivay Cooker or Steamer" For " dry packed" or 
" heavy scraped " corn, this machine is a great success, not only as a 
labor-saving machine, but for quality of goods. 

The " automatic feeder," into which the corn is poured, feeds the 
corn into the machine, through which it is carried by an " endless 
screw " or " conveyor," being steamed in transit through the machine. 
The filling attachment at its end forces the corn into the cans. This 
" steamer" differs from any machine of its kind on the market in its 
principle of "steaming"; not only does steam enter the outer casing 
or "jacket" of the machine, but the "screw" or "conveyor" is 
hollow, and of such construction as to allow of steam being admitted 
directly to the corn ; a very important point, and possessed only by 
this steamer. 

The cut on page 49 shows the construction and mode of oper- 
ating this " steamer." The Warfield Manufacturing Company- 
are sole agents for sale of these machines. From the steamer the 
cans, after being wiped, go to the capping machine (page 45), then 
to the " test tub" (page 47), and to the process kettle (page 48), the 
"steaming process" taking the place of the "exhaust," the cans are 
capped and " tipped " at same time. 

Attention should here be called to the fact that the "Hemingway 
Steamer" is adapted for use for heavy scraped corn or corn cut and 



15 

packed according to the Eastern process or " dry pack." It being 
understood that the grain being mixed with the scraping from the 
cob, it is readily worked through the rrtachine, the machine not being 
adapted for whole grain corn or " moist pack." 

The other method of handling heavy scraped or " dry packed " 
corn is as follows : 

After leaving the "silking machine" the corn goes to the " War- 
field- Nichols Can Filler'' before described and shown on page 41. 
From the " Filler" the cans are wiped, go to the cappers (page 45), 
then to the " Exhauster" (page 46), and so on as before. 

Without entering into the merits of the two principles of packing 
corn, viz. the "dry" or "moist" pack, it might be advisable to 
mention several facts in connection therewith, in order that the 
"uninitiated" may the better judge of the two " styles " or " sys- 
tems." In the first place, it will be readily understood that when 
corn is cut and scraped (dry pack), the goods thereby produced will 
pack closer in the can than when cut whole grain (" moist " pack), 
thus requiring considerably more corn to fill a. can than with "whole 
grain" corn. Also, the process is entirely different, very much 
longer time being required to cook the corn. In fact the two grades 
of corn are treated in an entirely different manner, the " dry " pack 
being of course the more expensive of the two. It might be well 
for the packer to pack some of each grade. And here comes in the 
value of the " Warfield Cutting Machine" (page 28), possessing as 
it does the advantage of adjustment for either grade of goods. 

The packer of corn (and in fact all canned goods) should exercise 
particular care to have his corn run "regular" or "alike." To 
accomplish this result, he must sample the corn from time to time as 
it comes from the kettle, and whenever a "process" seems to be 
" off color," it should be set aside and not mixed with the good corn. 
Also have the " off" lots of corn on the ear kept separate from the 
good corn. It is essential to have the cans clean and bright, nicely 
labeled and put in clean boxes, carefully nailed. Neatness should be 
exercised from the cutting to the boxing of the goods. 



i6 



TOMATOES. 

The preparing- of Tomatoes for the can has to be done largely by 
hand work, as up to this period no machine has been devised that 
will successfully remove the outer skin from the tomato, a most 
difficult problem indeed for the inventor to solve. 

The most popular varieties for canning are the " New Queen," 
" Paragon/' and "Acme." 

The proper time to sow the seed is about April 10 to 15, the 
plants being set out about May 15th to May 25. 

The setting out of tomato plants (and in fact all kinds of plants) 
was always done by hand previous to the introduction of the :< McKay 
Patent Plant Setter," an extremely simple device by which any kind 
of plant can be set out in a far superior manner than can be accom- 
plished by hand. This machine (a cut of which is shown on page 
56) is manufactured exclusively by The Warfield Manufactur- 
ing Company, is cheap, effective, light and durable, and, apart 
from its superior setting of a plant, will do the work of some three 
or four hand " setters." The vines should be kept clean and well 
worked, and only sound, ripe tomatoes should be picked for the 
factory. 

A fair average for a crop of tomatoes is about 200 to 250 bushels 
of good tomatoes per acre. As high as 600 bushels are grown to 
the acre, however. A bushel of good, sound tomatoes will fill when 
peeled from fourteen to sixteen 3-pound cans. 

The factories usually open about August 20th and continue until 
the frost kills the vines. Tomatoes should be carried to the factory 
in bushel boxes. From the box they go to the "Scalder." This 
apparatus consists of a perforated receptacle for the tomatoes, hold- 
ing from two to three bushels. This receptacle is so hinged or 
pivoted over a tank adapted to hold water as to admit of its 
being lowered into the water and raised sufficiently high to allow 
the tomatoes when scalded to roll from the mouth of the receptacle 
into buckets. The " Scalder" built by The Warfield Manufac- 
turing Company (see cut on page 52) is a strong, simple device, 
carefully designed to prevent the bruising of the tomatoes during 
the "scalding " and emptying process. 



M 

Another method of scalding is to empty the tomatoes into wire 
baskets, which are dipped by hand into boiling water — a very slow 
process, however. 

After being scalded they go to the " peelers " (about 3 cents per 
bucket being paid for peeling) and then are packed in the can. 

If it is desired to procure a machine for this purpose, in its selec- 
tion care should be exercised to obtain one that will not mash and 
tear the tomatoes in the packing operation and thus deteriorate the 
quality of the goods. The cans should be filled with ripe, solid 
tomatoes, packed as " whole" as possible. (The Warfield Manu- 
facturing Company will shortly put on the market a "Tomato 
Filler," which will combine large capacity with perfect work.) 

After the cans are filled they are placed in trays, " wiped " and 
taken to the " Warfield- Winters Capping Machi?ie" (page 45). It 
should be stated here that some packers do not " exhaust " tomatoes 
at all, but " tip " the cans after capping and put them in the process 
kettle ("Shriver" patent kettle, page 48, or "open" kettles, which 
require very much longer time to cook). The large majority of 
packers, however, prefer to "exhaust," contending that the goods 
are firmer and better, and the system a safer one. For the purpose 
of " exhausting " tomatoes or to cook same by ope?i bath process, the 
" Warfield- Winters Exhauster" is the machine (page 46), giving 
every can the same heat, same time for exhaust or process (as case 
may be), and delivering the cans to the '"Warfield Test Tub" 
(page 47). From the " test tub " they go to the kettle, then to 
" cooling tub" (if used), and then packed away. 

If the open-bath process is used, the " Warfield- Winters Exhauster" 
is an admirable machine for processing the goods after the " exhaust," 
or, if packed without "exhaust," it can be used for this purpose 
equally well. It can be adjusted to give any time required by setting 
it to the proper speed. 



i8 



PEAS. 

The packing of Green Peas is a very particular operation, and the 
greatest care should be exercised in the various stages of their 
preparation for the can. 

Peas for canning are divided into two classes — " Early June" and 
" Marrowfats." 

In Maryland the factories open on " Early Junes" about June ist, 
and continue on same until "Marrowfats" begin, about July ist, 
ending about July 25th. 

" Early Junes " are planted about the middle of April, and " Mar- 
rowfats " two weeks later. 

There is perhaps no vegetable packed in which the yield per acre 
varies as much as in peas. 

An acre of " Early Junes " will turn out, according to soil and 
season, from 20 to 60 bushels of peas in the pod, which will shell out 
from 14 to 16 cans. 

An acre of" Marrowfats " will yield from 35 to 90 bushels, shelling 
out from 12 to 14 cans. 

The peas are first hulled, and for this purpose the " Swingle 
Patent Pea Huller" should be employed. This machine is a very 
interesting piece of mechanism, cleaning the pods in a perfect 
manner, separating the shelled peas from the pods and delivering 
them to separate receptacles. It is built in two sizes, the largest 
size having a capacity of 1000 bushels per day, and the smaller size 
hulling 400 to 500 bushels per day. A cut of this machine is shown 
on page 53, The Warfield Manufacturing Company being 
sole manufacturers of the same. It is indispensable to packers of 
peas. 

From the "Huller" the peas go to the "Separator" or "assorter," 
which " separates " or " grades " the peas into the various sizes. 

This is probably the most important part of the preparation of the 
peas for the can — to have them properly " graded." For this pur- 
pose the " Warfield Separator" should be used. 



19 

This machine has a capacity of from 800 to 1000 bushels per day, 
and will grade the peas into four sizes. It has an adjustable self- 
feeding attachment (a difficult part of the operation, to properly feed 
the peas to the cylinder), and has many important features which 
long experience has suggested, not possessed by any other machine 
for this purpose manufactured. 

Especial attention has been paid in the designing of the "Sepa- 
rator" to prevent " banking," " choking" or " clogging" of the peas, 
and easy cleaning of the machine. 

As the value of your peas depends largely upon the proper 
grading of them, especial care should be used to procure the best 
machine for this purpose the market will afford. The cut on 
page 54 shows the " Warfield Separator :" TheWarfield Manu- 
facturing Company, sole manufacturers of the same. 

After the grading process, the peas, now kept separate according 
to size, are " blanched." This is accomplished by placing them in a 
perforated receptacle and immersing them in boiling water, preferably 
contained in a copper-jacket kettle. 

After " blanching," they are filled into the cans (2 lb), then 
<( dipped " in hot brine, or " hot dipped," as it is termed. 

For this purpose the " Warfield- Winters Dipping Machine " 
should be employed (page 42). This machine performs the work 
perfectly, wire-gauze covers being used over the cans, and a coil of 
pipe placed in the machine to heat the brine. From the " Dipping 
Machine " the cans are placed in trays, wiped, and taken to the 
" Warfield- Winters Capping Machine" (page 45), capped, tipped, 
and then placed in the "Shriver Process Kettle" (page 48). 

The young and tender peas are the most sought after by the buyer, 
such grades always being in good demand. Baltimore is the great 
" pea center " of the country, and gives employment to an immense 
army of workers in this branch of the canning industry. 



20 



STRING BEANS. 

The preparing of String Beans for the can closely resembles the 
mode for handling peas. 

After "stringing them" they are " blanched," put in 2-lb cans, 
" hot dipped " in " Warfteld- Winters Dipping Machi?ie" capped on 
capping machine, tipped, and put in process kettle. 

LIMA BEANS. 

The packing of Lima Beans is conducted in similar manner, except- 
ing they are not " blanched." 

They are shelled, put in 2-lb cans, "hot dipped" in " Warfield- 
Winters Dipping Machine" capped, tipped, and put in kettle; a 
bushel of shelled beans filling some 60 cans. 

SUCCOTASH. 

A very popular combination of sugar corn and lima beans, under 
the above term, is produced by setting the knives of the " Warfield 
Cutting Machine " to remove the grain as whole as possible from 
the cob, taking a light scrape, using about two-thirds corn to one- 
third lima beans, preparing for the kettle same as corn. 

BERRIES. 

Berries are placed in 2-lb cans, " hot dipped " in water or syrup, 
using the " Warjield- Winters Dipping Machine" capped, and put 
in process kettle. (See page 42.) 



21 



PEACHES. 

''Always in season" are Peaches, properly put up. The factories 
of Maryland open on peaches in August and close last of September, 
giving employment, as in peas, to countless numbers of hands. 

Baltimore is the center of the peach packing industry. Peaches 
are divided into "Extras," "Standards," "Seconds," and "Pie-fruit," 
and are pared principally by hand; the "extras," "standards" and 
"seconds " being pared and halved, " pie-fruit" being simply halved. 
They are packed in 2 and 3 lb cans — 3 lb mostly. After being pared 
they are packed in the cans full, and "hot dipped" in either "hot 
syrup " or water, as the case may be, according to quality of goods 
desired. 

For the purpose of " hot dip " the " Warfield- Winters Dipping 
Machine " is used, adapted for 3-lb cans, and provided with the coil 
of pipe as for peas, the machine being connected with the syrup or 
hot water cask, as for corn it is connected with the brine cask. This 
cask, preferably, contains a coil of pipe to assist in keeping the liquid 
therein hot. 

From the " dipping machine " the cans are placed in trays, wiped, 
and taken to the capping machine (page 45), capped, tipped, and 
placed in process kettle (page 48). 

One bushel of peaches will yield from 14 to 20 3-lb cans, according 
to quality of fruit and grade desired. 



22 



OYSTERS. 

Now we come to " Maryland's pride," the oyster ; and well may 
she feel proud, for the oysters of the Chesapeake Bay have achieved 
a world-wide reputation. 

Baltimore is the center of the great oyster packing industry. 
Again are armies of workers employed in the various stages of the 
oyster trade. 

The business growing out of the oyster product of the Chesapeake 
Bay employs about 1500 vessels and some 11,000 hands, while the 
employment of the various persons interested directly and indirectly 
supports some 150,000 people. The area of the oyster beds of the 
Chesapeake Bay and tributaries in 1884 was 123,520 acres, and the 
estimated ground capable of producing oysters was 640,000 acres. 

The factories usually open for " steaming " oysters about October, 
closing about April. 

The oysters in the shell are placed in cars holding about 12 bushels, 
which are run on tracks into the " steam box " holding two or three 
cars, where they are steamed. 

The oyster car (page 55) manufactured by The Warfield Manu- 
facturing Company for this purpose is strong, durable, and of the 
most approved pattern. 

This Company also gives particular attention to the construction 
of " steam boxes " for this purpose. 1 

After being steamed they are shucked, washed and put in the 
cans, then " hot dipped" in brine, capped, and put in process kettles. 
(See pages 42, 45, 48.) 

Oysters are bought by measure regulated by law. The law also 
requires the weight of each can to be stamped on its cap. The laws 
of Maryland are very stringent regarding the packing of oysters. 
A bushel of oysters will shuck out from 35 to 60 ounces of meat. 



H 



As Baltimore is the Center of the Great Canning 
Industry of the Country, 

So is she the home of the largest establishment for the 
manufacture of the most complete line of canning-house 
machinery in the world — The Warfield Manufac- 
turing Company. 

This Company, from its long and successful career in 
this line, possesses unsurpassed facilities for furnishing to 
the packer of canned goods any article of machinery he 
may require for the preparation of his fruits, vegetables, 
or oysters, for the can. 

Its magnificent line of patented canning-house specialties 
— the very best in their particular department — is too well 
known to require further comment. They issue an illus- 
trated catalogue, with cuts, full description, and testi- 
monials of all their machinery, which is mailed, free of 
cost, to all applicants. 



f^ U/arfi<?ld /T\ai}ufa(;turi^ Qo, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



§f M ^Vfim^mn^, 



BALTIMORE, MD. 



DIRECTORS : 

S. Davies Warfield, President. 

Calvin S. Sh river, Vice-President. 

C. Taylor Jenkins, ..... Secretary and Treasurer. 

George Cator, Robert K. Martin, 

R. Emory Warfield, George H. Hope. 



S. DAVIES WARFIELD, .... President and Gen 7 Manager. 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF 

Improved Corn P&ckin^ &nd Patented 

(\nnin<J Hou5? M&cKinery. 

Fruit, Vegetable and Oyster Packers' Machinery, 
STEAM engines, 

SHAFTING, HANGERS, PULLEYS, COUPLINGS & GENERAL MACHINE WORK. 
Special Machinery Designed and Constructed. 

STEAM AND WATER PIPE FITTING. 



2 7 



In order that the reader may form an intelligent idea 
of the construction of the various appliances herein alluded 
to for the preparation of Fruits and Vegetables for the 
can, the following cuts are given, together with endorse- 
ments from many well-known firms, which should be a 
guarantee of the efficiency of the machinery described. 



2 9 

From the Proprietors of the Shriver Process Kettle. 

Thos. J. Myer & Co., Baltimore, write : 

" Your improved Corn Cutting Machine does its work well, and 
is one that will give entire satisfaction in every particular. We think 
no corn packer can do well without it in this progressive age." 



From the Patentee of the Fisher Process Kettle. 

Geo. W. Fisher, Baltimore, writes : 

"Your Cutter is unquestionably the best machine on the market 
for cutting green corn from the cob. It does its work perfectly, and 
I cheerfully recommend its use to all corn packers." 



E. B. Mallory & Co., Baltimore, Md., write: 

" We shall want two more of your Corn Cutters for the coming 
season. Please book our order for same. We are very much pleased 
with the work your Cutters did this season ; they proved satisfactory 
in every respect, and we would not think of packing corn without 
them. We have recommended all our customers who pack corn to 
use your machine, as the saving in cost of cutting the corn and the 
increased output to be obtained by using them will repay for the 
investment in a very short time." 



George Ackermann, former superintendent A. Fischer & Co. (Star 
Preserve Works), Cincinnati, Ohio, writes: 
" Your favor dated January 24 is received. In reply would say 
that Messrs. A. Fischer & Co. used your Corn Cutter last season while 
I superintended their factory at Lima, Ohio, and I can say that it 
worked to perfection. Having had the ' Sprague Cutter' in use at 
the same time, I found that the ' Warfield Cutter ' did much cleaner 
and better work." 



Evans, Day &Co., Indianapolis, Ind., write: 

11 We hand you check for $250. Please receipt bill and return. 
We intend giving you a testimonial, to be used as you see fit, setting 



3° 

forth the utility, completeness and effectiveness of your machine. 
It is worthy of the highest consideration, and fully demonstrates the 
practicability of cutting corn by machine in a most satisfactory manner." 



Winters & Prophet, Mt. Morris, N. Y., write : 

" The two Corn Cutting Machines we bought of you this season 
have proven a grand success. Please enter our order for two more 
for next season. We have tried nearly every Corn Cutter offered on 
the market, and from our experience consider yours very much the 
best. In entering our order you will, of course, give us said 
machines at a price as low as you sell them during season of 1885." 



A. Cooley & Bro., Webster, Harford Co., Md., write: 

"We used one of your Green Corn Cutters last season in our 
packing house, and were greatly pleased with it. We were preju- 
diced against all machines for cutting corn, as we had examined sev- 
eral cutters, but found none to do the work to our satisfaction. We 
are pleased to say that your machine far surpasses anything that we 
could expect, doing better work than can be done by hand, and at 
so much less cost. We averaged about 700 or 800 cans per hour. 
With good corn, we think there would be no trouble to cut 8000 or 
10,000 cans in one day. We will put in another of your Cutters next 
year and do away with all hand cutting." 



J. M. Cuykendall & Co., Hamilton, Ont., Canada, write: 

" Your Corn Cutter works perfectly satisfactory, and we will neeci 
two more of them next season." 



Gadd & Sudler, Sudlersville, Md., write : 

" In reference to your Corn Cutter, we take pleasure in saying that 
we believe it to be the most durable and best adapted for all modes 
of cutting corn of any machine yet on the market." 



J. S. Whiteford, Delta, Pa., writes: 

" Yours received. Replying, would say your Corn Cutter gives 
entire satisfaction. 



3i 

" You can fix the above as you like. I have used the ' Sprague ' 
and other Cutters, and compared to yours, I think they are a nuisance. 
My Cutter gave me better satisfaction than ever this year (being the 
third season). I cut with it and three girls, this year, 700 cases in 
one day. You may add any of this you want in my testimonial." 



H. W. McCall, York, Pa., writes : 
11 Your Cutter is excellent and does good work." 



J. L. Anderson & Sons, Mount Holly, N. J., write : 

" The Warfield Corn Cutting Machine gave us excellent satisfac- 
tion this season." 



S. B. Silver & Bro., Deer Creek, Md., write: 

" The three Corn Cutters received from you we have run the past 
two seasons. They give entire satisfaction, and are the only Cutters 
we continue to use after giving several kinds a trial." 



Preston, Evans & Co., Salem, Roanoke County, Va., write : 

" In answer to your inquiry as to the power Cutter, we take 
pleasure in stating that it gives us entire satisfaction, doing all that is 
claimed for it. The use of the machine largely reduces the cost of 
packing corn, and also makes a much better article than corn cut by 
hand or by any other machine we have seen. We think no packer 
can afford to be without it." 



J. B. Counselman & Co., Houston, Del., write: 

" The Corn Cutter we purchased from you and used the past 
season gave us entire satisfaction. Having had considerable expe- 
rience in corn cutting machinery, we unhesitatingly endorse it as 
being the best machine on the market of its kind." 



Ranney, Doty & Phelps, Lewistown, 111., write: 

"Yours 4th inst. received and noted. In answer would say that 
we have used your Corn Cutter this season and have been highly 



32 

pleased with the work it has done. We have no hesitation in recom- 
mending it to any packer of sweet corn as a first-class machine in 
every respect." 

H. F. Stern, Zanesville, Ohio, writes: 

" Regarding your recent inquiry regarding Corn Cutting Machine 
purchased of you last season, will say that it works to my full satis- 
faction and I would not be without it ; heretofore have cut all corn by 
hand at a heavy expense, but will not do so again as long as I can 
have it cut so cheaply and satisfactory by ' Warfield Green Corn 
Cutter.' " 



Geo. K. McGaw, Baltimore, Md., writes : 

" It gives me pleasure to add my testimonial to the many you have 
of the merit and satisfactory working of your Corn Cutting Machine. 
The two I bought and used the past season did the work so well that 
I herewith place my order with you for two more for next season." 



Van Camp Packing Co., Indianapolis, Ind., write: 

" The Cutter works perfectly satisfactory and is fully up to your 
guarantee." 



James T. Walker, Perrymans, Harford Co., Md., writes : 

" The two Cutters purchased from you were thoroughly satisfac- 
tory. Each machine will cut from 8000 to 9000 cans per day, and 
apart from a decided improvement in the quality of machine-cut 
corn over hand-cut, I found, after making several tests, that 50 lbs of 
corn on the ear cut by the machine would yield from 5 to 6 lbs 
more corn than when cut by hand, the machines being set to cut 
close and taking a very light scrape. These are facts which, in my 
judgment, should recommend your machine to every practical corn 
packer in the trade." 

C. A. Rutledge & Bro., Taylor P. O., Harford County, Md., write : 

"The two Cutters bought of you this season worked well and gave 

perfect satisfaction, and we shall want two more of them next season. 



33 

For dispatch, efficiency and durability we believe it has no equal. . . . 
We have given the green-corn cutter business a good deal of atten- 
tion, having examined most Cutters that have been on the market, 
and have seen none that we consider a practical machine except your 
improved, which is a perfect success and the best machine, considering 
all things, known. . . . We very cheerfully give this our testimonial as 
to the merits of vour machine." 



A. Fischer & Co., Star Preserve Works, Cincinnati, Ohio, write : 

" In reply to your favor of 7th, would say we have used your Corn 
Cutter at our Lima (Ohio) factory and found it entirely satisfactory." 



James G. McSparran & Co., Greene P. O., Lancaster County, Pa., 
write : 

" The Corn Cutter we bought from you, and used the season past, 
gave the very best satisfaction. It is far superior to any Cutter we 
have seen, displacing, on a rough calculation, at least fifteen ordinary 
hands, and perhaps more. It never gets tired, nor strikes for higher 
wages when corn comes in thickest. It certainly gets more corn and 
less cob — that is, more weight of good, honest corn from the cob — 
than any hand cutter we have ever had ; and we consider the corn 
cut by your machine fully twenty-five per cent, better than that cut by 
hand. 

11 We extend to you our congratulations and thanks for the degree 
of perfection reached in your machine, and shall want one and per- 
haps two more next year." 



Bent. Silver, Jr., Glenville, Harford Co., Md., writes : 

" I have your favor asking my opinion in regard to your Corn 
Cutters, and will say they worked perfectly, and I found they would 
do just about what you claimed for them. I must congratulate you 
on that point, viz. claiming no more for your machine than it would 
do. Most inventors deal more sparingly with the truth. My largest 
day's run was 26,500 cans, cut between 6 A.M. and 7.30 P.M. I 
estimated that 19,000 of this number were cut by the two machines, 
the balance being cut by hand. You have a very good head on 
you . . ." 



34 

Platte Valley Canning Co., St. Joseph, Mo., write : 

" We have used two of your Corn Cutting Machines the past 
season. They do better work than anything we have ever tried." 



H. A. Osborn, Havre de Grace, Md., writes : 

" The Warfield Cutters I bought of you last season gave me entire 
satisfaction. They did their work perfectly, cut the grain just as I 
wanted it, and the corn is far superior to that cut by hand. Every 
corn packer should use your machine. My business will require 
one and perhaps two more of these Cutters the coming season." 



McConnell, Clancey & Co., Chillicothe, Ohio, write : 

" We have used your Corn Cutter for the past three (3) years and 
we find it gives general satisfaction in every particular. We have run 
it very steady each season, and except new knives and a few minor 
parts replaced, we have had no other repairs. We recommend it to 
all packers." 

Johns H. Janney, Churchville, Harford Co., Md., writes : 

" Yours was the only Corn Cutting Machine I ever felt inclined to 
try, and while I was convinced they would suit the Eastern or heavy 
pack, was doubtful whether they would prove a success when it was 
desired to cut the grain whole. The Cutters I bought of you will 
cut close to the cob with a very light scrape, thus suiting our Har- 
ford County style of packing. Your machine is a success, and every 
corn packer should have them." 



Hopper Bros., Havre de Grace, Md., write : 

" We tried every kind of Corn Cutter known to us, but not until we 
tried yours did we experience satisfaction. Your machines are making 
a great improvement in the quality of the corn pack of this section. 
We hope you will turn your attention to other kinds of packing 
machinery with like success." 

W. Elwood Harry, Delta, Pa., writes: 

" The Cutter is running beautifully. It gives perfect satisfaction, 
and only needs to be kept in order and fed plenty of green corn. 



35 

I have never run it slower than 60— generally 65. I am satisfied it 
will fill 9000 cans in 10 hours with the greatest ease in good corn." 



R. Emory & Co., Taylor P. O., Harford County, Md., write : 

" The three Cutters purchased from you this season gave entire 
satisfaction in every particular. Having tested the ' Barker Cutter ' 
two years ago, and being compelled to lay them aside in consequence 
of their many imperfections, we were reluctant to take hold of any 
Cutter, knowing the extreme difficulty of producing a successful and 
practical corn-cutting machine. 

" Yours is a complete success ; not only do you get a large increase 
in yield, but the corn is of so superior quality that no packer can 
afford to cut by hand. The difference in price on account of quality 
(which will be seen and appreciated by the consumer) will more than 
pay for the machine in one season, without regard to increase in 
yield and saving of labor. This is our opinion of your machine, and 
yours only, after having used or seen all machines now in use." 



Edward H. Hall, Abington, Md., writes: 

" While I must admit I was somewhat prejudiced against Corn 
Cutters before trying yours, after using the one bought from you the 
entire season, I will say it gave me the best satisfaction, and it can- 
not fail to supersede hand labor for cutting corn." 



J. B. Hanway, Joppa, Md., writes: 

" Replying to your favor 8th, it is with great pleasure that I can 
cheerfully testify to the superior qualities of your improved ' Green 
Corn Cutter.' In all my interviews with you, you know how pre- 
judiced I was against using Corn Cutters ; I now beg leave herewith 
to have you accept my sincere thanks and gratitude for your having 
recommended me so strongly to try one of yours. It was all that 
you claimed for it, and I will want one or two more next season.''* 



Geo. F. Walker, Bel Air, Md., writes : 

11 Having purchased of you, in July last, two of your Corn Cutters, 
I am free to say it is one of the most valuable canning-house imple- 



36 

ments of recent invention. They gave me entire satisfaction, cutting 
the corn much better than by hand. No canner can afford to be 
without one." 






Geo. W. McComas, Clayton, Harford County, Md., writes : 

" The Green Corn Cutter purchased of you in July gave me entire 
satisfaction. The quality of corn is improved over hand cut. It is a 
labor and money-saving machine. I wish you success in their 
introduction." 



D. B. Chesney, Perrymans, Harford County, Md., writes : 

" Nothing could have been more satisfactory to us than the Corn 
Cutting Machine we bought of you the past season. It did more 
than you claim for it." 



A. Boyle, Delta, Pa., writes : 

" I have used your Green Corn Cutter the last two years and it 
has done all you claim it to do." 



A. H. Nelson & Bro., Perrymans, Md., write: 

" The Corn Cutting Machine we purchased from you and used 
last season did its work well, and we are entirely satisfied with the 
same. We recommend it to every corn packer." 



The Warfield Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md., are sole 
manufacturers of this Cutter, and in addition to the letters copied 
above, have numbers of others fully as strong, endorsing the 
machine as itnequaled for its purpose. They issue an illustrated 
Catalogue, giving full description, price, etc., of this Cutter. 



HIGHEST AWARD WHEREVER EXHIBITED! 

A SPECIAL 

Gold Medal 

Was Awarded 
this Machine by 

The Agricaltnral Society 
of Baltimore Co., Md. 

Timonium, October 2 

Perfect in Operation. Durable in Construction. This Machine being Examined 
by a Special Committee of Prominent Packers. 





Agricultural and Mechanical Society of Harford Co., Md. 

REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE FOR 1884. 

Fair Grounds, Bel-Air, Md., October 16th, 1884. 
We, the undersigned, a Special Committee appointed to examine the 
" WARFIELU GREEN CORN CUTTING MACHINE," after a full and care- 
ful examination of the same, at a trial made at the Harford County Agricultural 
Exhibition for 1884, do hereby report : That for durability, simplicity of con- 
struction, character of work performed and rapidity of motion, we believe that 
it is the best machine offered to the Packers of corn in the United States ; and 
we recommend that the patentee be awarded a diploma and the sum of fifty 
dollars for the same. It does its work beautifully. 

(Signed), EDWARD H. HALL, 

G. SMITH NORRIS, 
W. H. SCHULL. 
We, the undersigned, Packers of corn, having seen the practical working 
of the machine, do hereby fully concur in the above. (Signed), 

B. SILVER, Jr., C. A. RUTLEDGE & BRO., 
JAMES T. WALKER, B. EMORY & CO., 
JOHNS H. JANNEY, JAMES F. KENLY, 

S. B. SILVER & BRO., GEO. W. ANDREWS, 

S. N. HYDE & SON, W. R. & A. F. GALBREATH, 

C. A. McGAW, R. B. McCOY. 



Agricultural and Mechanical Society of Harford Co., Md. 

REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE FOR 1885. 

Fair Grounds, Bel-Air, Md., October 17th, 1885. 
The undersigned, the Committee on miscellaneous Exhibits, or having in 
charge discretionary Premiums, having carefully examined the Machines exhi- 
bited by The Warfield Manufacturing Company of Baltimore, for cutting the 
"grains of corn from the ear, for dipping the filled cans of corn in brine, and for 
capping them; and having, besides, personal knowledge of the excellence of 
the work done by these machines in canning houses, earnestly recommend that 
a premium of one hundred dollars be paid to the exhibitor of these machines, 
as we believe them to be of the class to which the funds of the Society should 
be paid — promoting as they do the success, in a material degree, of a great 
industry. (Signed), GARRETT AMOS, 

E. A. ALLEN, 
WM. H. GRAY. 



38 



WarfielcTs Corn Silking Machine 



(patent applied for) 
For Silking and Cleaning the Corn after it is Cut from the Cob. 




Aylmer Canning Co., Aylmer, Ont., write: 

" We have used the Corn Silking Machine gotten from you in the 
spring, during the whole of the corn-packing season of 1887. It 
is strongly constructed and did its work to our entire satisfaction, 
and we have no hesitation in saying that it is the best Silker we have 
yet seen in operation." 



E. B. Mallory & Co., Baltimore, Md., write : 

"We have used your new 'Corn Silking Machine' and have 
found it very satisfactory in every respect, especially on heavy scraped 



corn. 



We shall want two more the coming season." 



Johns H. Janney, Churchville, Md., writes : 

" Your Silker is the best machine for the business I have seen. 
I am well pleased with it." 



39 

The Tekamah Canning Co., Tekamah, Neb., write : 

" Your Silker gives the best of satisfaction with us. Find it simple, 
durable, and having wonderful capacity. Always has been in order 
to do business since arrival. Shall depend on it to handle the 
product of from 40 to 60 tons corn per day for the coming season." 



Geo. K. McGaw, Baltimore, writes : 

" It gives me pleasure to state that ' The Warfield Silking Machine ' 
used the past season did its work well and satisfactory." 



J. W. Cuykendall & Co., Hamilton, Ont, Canada, write : 

" Replying to your inquiry as respects the working of your ' Corn 
Silker ' which we purchased from you this year, would say, when it 
was delivered in our factory we were of the opinion it would not do 
the work, but are pleased to inform you we are well satisfied. It 
mixes the corn and silks it perfectly, and is so simple in construction 
that a small boy does all our work with it. We shall need at least 
one more Silker and Cutter the coming season, and will call and see 
you some time in January." 



Ontario Preserving Co., Middleport, N. Y., write : 

11 Your favor received, and in reply would say that the Silker we 
bought of you and used the past season proved very satisfactory, 
and we are pleased to add our name to the many you have bearing 
evidences of its merits." 



Benj. Silver, Jr., Glenville, Harford County, Md., writes : 

" Your Silker did very good work with two hands. We could 
run through it 30,000 cans in 10 hours, and if we had had the corn 
I believe it will silk 50,000 cans in 10 hours." 



Jas. T. Walker, Perrymans, Md., says : 

" The Silker bought of you this season gave me entire satisfaction. 
It is the best machine I have ever seen for its purpose." 



4 o 

S. B. Silver & Bro., Deer Creek, Md., write : 

" The Silker received from you in 1887 gives good satisfaction and 
is equal to any we have ever seen." 



A. Cooley & Bro., Webster, Harford County, Md., write : 

" We used one of your Silkers this year and were very much 
pleased with it. We think that no canner can pack corn without 
one. The machine will do the work better than can be done by hand." 



James C. Jordan, Stewartstown, York County, Pa., writes : 

" The Silking Machine that I bought from you the season just past 
did its work to my entire satisfaction." 



Edward S. Edge, Darlington, Harford County, Md., writes: 

" In reply to your favor 4th inst., I will say that your Silker is just 
the machine you represent it to be and that no canner should be 
without one. It does perfect work." 



R. Emory, Taylor, Md., writes : 

" I have used the Warfield Silker one year and found it did the 
work better than any I have used." 



Wm. Hutchins, St. James P. O., Baltimore County, Md., writes : 

" Your Corn Silking Machine should be in every packing house. 
I have used it and am well pleased with its work." 



J. L. Richardson, Perrymans, Md., writes: 

" I have used your Silker and consider it the best machine for the 
purpose manufactured." 



D. G. McCoy, Rising Sun, Cecil County, Md., writes : 

" The new and improved Silker you sold me this season worked 
excellent. Every particle of filth is taken out and the corn left 
beautifully clean." 



'he Warfield- Nichols Can Filler 



(patent pending) 

For Automatically Filling Cans with Corn, &c. 

Every Can Filled Alike. 




This machine automatically carries the cans to the filling- mech- 
anism, where the desired amount of corn is rilled into the can, then 
discharges the filled can from the machine at other end. It can be 
adjusted to put any desired quantity into the can. 



Refer to 



Mr. J. M. HayneR, South Lebanon, Ohio. 
Messrs. C. E. Sears & Co., Circleville, Ohio. 
Messrs. Sears & Nichols, Chillicothe, Ohio. 



Manufactured exclusively by The Warfield Manufacturing Co. 
Full description, etc., in their Illustrated Catalogue. 



42 



Warfield- Winters Can Dipping Machine 



(PATENTED MARCH 14, 1882) 

For Automatically Filling Cans or Jar's with Brine, Syrup, or other 
Liquids, and Draining Same. 




McSparran & Co., Green P. O., Pa., write : 

" We cannot speak too highly in commendation of your Can 
Dipping Machine used by us last season. It is a superlative success, 
it is perfect. What more need we say ? It is economical, system- 
atizing and cleanly. We consider the fact that all cans coming from 
it equally full of brine is alone yearly worth to us four times the cost 
of the machine, in improved market value of our corn. We will be 
pleased to have you refer to us if in need of any good words for 
your Dipper. 

" N. B. — We will likely want from one to three more Cutters next 
season." 



H. A. Osborn, Havre de Grace, Md., writes : 

" Your Can Dipping Machine for brining corn is a great success. 
Every can is filled and drained alike, and it certainly is much cleaner 
than the old way of filling by hand. It will entirely supersede hand 
dipping, beyond a doubt." 



43 

Preston, Evans & Co., Salem, Roanoke County, Va., write : 

"The Warfield- Winters Dipping Machine is a success, and we 
regard it as an indispensable piece of packing-house machinery." 



Johns H. Janney, Churchville, Harford County, Md., writes: 

" In reply to your inquiry as to how I like your Dipper, I take 
pleasure in saying that it is a complete success, and the only machine 
I ever encountered that does more than it was represented to do and 
does it well. I like to watch it at work." 



Hopper Bros., Havre de Grace, Md., write : 

" We have used your Dipping Machine in packing our corn for 
the past two seasons, and have never seen any machine better 
adapted to its purpose. We can readily run 25,000 cans per day 
through it. It requires but little attention, and a child can operate it." 



James C. Jordan, Stewartstown, York County, Pa., writes : 

11 1 used your Can Dipping Machine during the past season and 
think every packer should have them." 



James T. Walker, Perrymans, Harford County, Md., writes : 

11 Your Dipping Machine for filling corn cans with brine is 
simply perfect No corn-packer after seeing it in operation would 
ever be without it." 



A. Boyle, Delta, Pa., writes : 

11 Your Dipping Machine since your late improvement has given 
entire satisfaction." 



J. B. Hanway, Joppa, Md., writes : 

11 1 take great pleasure in adding my testimony to the many you 
have of the superior quality of your Can Dipping Machine; it is just 



44 

perfect, dipping and draining every can alike, and much cleaner and 
quicker than dipping by hand. I consider it one of the best and 
most important machines used in the packing business." 



Edw. S. Edge, Darlington, Harford County, Md., writes: 

" In reply to your inquiry in regard to your Dipping Machine, 
will say that I have used it during the past season and find it will do 
all you claim for it. It is perfect in its operation, and does away with 
all possibility of light cans, besides doing the work at much less cost 
than the old manner of hand dipping. One machine is capable. of 
dipping 20,000 cans per day often hours." 



James L. Richardson, Perrymans, Md., writes: 

"Your Dipping Machine for filling cans with brine is far superior 
to the old hand method of dipping, and is one of the most complete 
machines in the packing business." 



S. B. Silver & Bro., Deer Creek, Harford County, Md., write: 

" We have used your Dipping Machine two seasons. We are 
very much pleased with it and would not be without it." 



C. P. Mitchell & Bro., Perrymans, Md., write: 

"The Dipping Machine we bought from you two years ago 
gives entire satisfaction, and would not be without it for double the 
price of it." 

D. B. Chesney, Perrymans, Md., writes: 

" Your Dipping Machine gave us the best satisfaction." 



Benj. Silver, Jr., Glenville, Harford County, Md., writes: 

"Your Dipping Machine is surely more cleanly and far prefer- 
able than the old hand way of dipping cans." 



The Warfield Manufacturing Co., sole manufacturers of this 
machine. Price, etc., in their Illustrated Catalogue. 



45 



The Warfield-Winters Capping Machine 



(PATENTED APRIL 4, 1882) 

For Capping Any Sized Can. 




Jas. T. Walker, Perrymans, Harford Co., Md., writes : 

" The three Capping Machines I bought from you this season 
gave me entire satisfaction. I think your Capper will save about as 
much labor as any machine you manufacture, and would not be 
without them." 

D. G. McCoy, Rising Sun, Cecil Co., Md., writes : 

" The Capping Machine I bought of you saved enough in solder 
to pay my hand capper every day. I shall want another next season." 



H. A. Osborn, Havre de Grace, Md., writes: 

" I did all my capping on the Capping Machines purchased from 
you last season, and found them entirely satisfactory. They make a 
firmer cap than by hand and at much less cost. It is the best machine 
I have ever seen for the purpose. Shall probably require another 
next season." 

Messrs. Hollis, Matthews & Co., Perrymans, Md. ; Messrs. R. 
Emory & Co., Taylor P. O., Md. ; Messrs. Winters & Prophet, Mt. 
Morris, N. Y., and many others. 



Manufactured solely by The Warfield Manufacturing Co., 
Baltimore. Full description and price in their Illustrated 
Catalogue. 



4 6 

The Warfield-Winters Exhauster. 



(PATENTED MARCH 14, 1882) 

For Exhausting Goods Previous to their Entrance to the Process 
Kettle, or for Cooking Same. 




Hopper Bros., Havre de Grace, Md., write: 

"We consider your Exhausting Apparatus a great success. 
There is no doubt but that it has saved us hundreds of dollars in 
the last two seasons. 

" It requires no taking of time, no skilled attention. It makes 
no mistakes. It is safe and economical, and should be in every 
factory." 



Also, Messrs. C. E. Sears & Co., Circleville, Ohio; Messrs. 
Winters & Prophet, Mt. Morris, N. Y. ; Messrs. Hollis, Matthews & 
Co., Perrymans, Md., and others. 



The Warfield Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, sole manu- 
facturers. Full description and price will be found in their 
Illustrated Catalogue. 



47 



The Warfield Test Tub. 

(patent pending) 
For Testing Cans after Capping and Tipping. 




This machine is of simple construction and shows for itself. It 
is universally endorsed as the best style of " test apparatus '-' known. 



The Warfield Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, are sole manu- 
facturers. Illustrated Catalogue contains full description and 
price. 



4 8 



The Shriver Process Kettle. 



(PATENTED MARCH 31 AND JUNE 16, 1874.) 

The only Kettle whose Patents cover the right to use either the 
Dry Steam or Steam and Water Process. 




There are seven or eight hundred of these Kettles in use. 
Copies of letters are unnecessary. It is known to every packer of 
canned goods, and the " Shriver Process Patents " acknowledged to 
be the best in use. This kettle is built in two sizes. 



The Warfield Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, are sole manu- 
facturers of this Kettle. Full description, prices, etc., to be 
found in their Illustrated Catalogue. 






49 



The Hemingway Corn Steamer. 



(PATENTED APRIL 30, 1878.) 

For Steaming Corn before going into Process Kettle. 




. . . _^ffi^_ /j£^ H. 



This machine is built in two sizes. 



Forrestville Canning Co., Forrestville, N. Y., write : 

" Your favor of the ioth at hand, and regarding the Corn Cooker 
purchased of you and used by us this present season, would say it 
has done excellent work, and given perfect satisfaction in every 
respect." 



Franklinville Canning Co., Franklinville, N. Y., write : 

" We have used two of your Corn Cookers this season and are 
highly pleased with them. They work perfectly and produce the 
finest quality of goods. We have not had five swelled cans in 
200,000, except occasionally a leaker." 



Delhi Fruit & Vegetable Canning Co., Delhi, Ont., write: 

" In reply to yours of the 23d, the Corn Cooker purchased of you 
last August has given perfect satisfaction. We cooked and filled 
over 300,000 cans with it, running on an average over 1000 cans per 
hour. Have run as many as forty-seven cans per minute." 



Elgin (Iowa) Canning Co., Elgin, Iowa, write : 

" We desire to say that the Cooker bought from you did its work 
to our entire satisfaction. It did much more work than you recom- 
mended. You claimed for it a capacity of iooo cans per hour ; it 
did 1800 per hour for us and gave us no trouble, and we have had no 
trouble from swells." 



Blossvale Canning Co., Blossvale, write : 

" We have used one of your Corn Cookers the past season, with 
self-feeder attached. Have put through 250,000 cans with it, and it 
has given entire satisfaction. Have put through at the rate of 1200 
cans per hour, and find that it cooks the corn very evenly." 



Smith, Yingling & Co., Westminster, Md., write : 

" We used, during the past season, one of your large size Cookers, 
and are glad to bear testimony of its efficiency. It took us a little 
time to get used to it, and especially to adjusting the filler table, of 
which you say you have now an improved pattern. 

4< We consider the quality of corn produced by it superior to any 
we have before packed, and it is a source of gratification that our 
buyers bear this same testimony. We can, without any trouble, pack 
2000 cans an hour with it. Don't see how we could have done with- 
out it this past season. 

" Wishing you deserved success, we remain." 



The Webster Preserving Co., Webster, N. Y., write: 

" We take pleasure in recommending the Hemingway Corn 
Cooker to any who may wish to avail themselves of a first-class 
cooker. 

" We have used one of his machines in our factory the past two 
seasons, and the popularity of our corn is in a great measure due to 
the use of the Hemingway Cooker. It has been entirely satisfac- 
tory to us, and we regard it as the best Cooker with which we are 
acquainted, and the only correct process of putting up corn." 



5i 

McGannon & Fay Packing Co., Carthage, Mo., write: 

" In reply to your favor of the ist inst., the Corn Cooker that we 
purchased of you this season gave excellent satisfaction. We prefer 
it to any we have seen. The corn goes through the machine in 
shorter space of time, leaving it much brighter in the cans." 



J. B. McNabb, Salem, Ohio, writes: 

" Yours at hand and carefully noted. In answer would say it is 
not often I put my name to a testimonial, and when I do there must 
be merit in the article in question. As to your Cooker, in its con- 
struction I have found it strong and durable. As to the quality of 
goods it produces, my customers say the quality is most excellent. 
As to the capacity of your Cooker, we have cooked and filled at the 
rate of twenty-eight cans per minute, and do not know how much 
more it could do if pushed. This we did with ease, one boy hand- 
ling the cans at the machine. Have had no swelled cans, and your 
Cooker does very even work, does not choke or blow out, and is as 
much ahead of Merrill & Soule's Cooker as the Pullman car is ahead 
of the old lumbering stage-coach of years ago. You are to be con- 
gratulated on the success you have attained. Mr. Walter Phelps, 
my foreman (formerly of Camden, N. J.), co-operates with me in 
complimenting you on the success of your Cooker." 



52 



'he Warfield Tomato Scalder. 

OOOOOOOOOOOO 



For Scalding Tomatoes before Peeling. 




An admirable machine for the purpose and universally liked. 
In its construction especial care has been used to prevent " mashing " 
of the tomatoes. 



Manufactured by The Warfield Manufacturing Co., Balti- 
more, and fully described in their Illustrated Catalogue. 



53 



The Swingle Pea Huller 

(PATENTED NOV. 20, 1883, MARCH 18, 1884.) 




Messrs. E. B. Mallory & Co., Baltimore, Md., write: 

" The four Swingle Pea Hullers we purchased from you and 
used during the packing season did excellent work. We believe 
this machine is founded on the true principle for shelling peas, and 
when you enlarge its capacity, as you propose and can very readily 
do, it will be one of the most valuable machines for packers' use we 
know of." 



Messrs. Greenabaum Bros., Seaford, Del., write : 

" We take pleasure in stating that we hulled all our peas on the 
two Swingle Pea Hullers purchased from you last spring, and that 
they performed their work very satisfactorily." 



This machine is built in two sizes by the sole manufacturers, 
The Warfield Manufacturing Co., Baltimore. Their Illustrated 
Catalogue contains full description, etc. 



54 



The Warfield Pea Separator, 



For Separating or "Grading" the Peas into different sizes. 




This machine is carefully designed and constructed, and has 
large capacity. It is conceded to be the best machine for its pur- 
pose on the market. 



The Warfield Manufacturing Co., sole manufacturers. 
Their Illustrated Catalogue contains full description and price. 



The Warfield Manufacturing Co 





Crates, all sizes, of 

most approved 

patterns. 



Floor Truck. 




Damper Regulator. For regulating the draft on 
** steam boilers. Saving of fuel will pay for 

this machine in a short time. 



Boilers 
tical 



, all sizes, ver- 
and horizontal. 





Crane Fixtures. Especially designed for Packers' 

use. 



Steam Engines. 

All sizes, vertical and 

horizontal. 




All sizes, of most approved design. 



Oyster Car. 

Also, Open Process Kettles, Gasoline Tanks and Pumps, Fire Pots, 
Oyster Measures, Steam Box Doors and Fixtures, Steam Pumps, Injectors, 
Ejectors, Steam Gauges, Thermometers, Capping Irons, Forging Stakes, 
Furnace Doors and Grate Bars, Platform Scales, Coppers, etc. 



56 



The McKay Plant Setter. 

(PATENTED JAN. 30, 1877, OCT. 2. 1888.) 

The only Machine manufactured that will successfully set Plants of 

any Description— Tobacco Plants, Tomato Plants, Cabbage 

Plants, Sweet Potato Plants, Strawberry Plants. 



Any kind or species of plant can be set in a far superior manner than 
can be done by hand. 

Over 200 sold by one 
Agent, in one County, in one 
month. 

To all the weary workers 
who yearly wear themselves 
out setting plants, stooping 
over their work, rest is at 
hand. 

Plants are set quicker, 
plants are set better, plants 
are set straighter, plants are 
covered nicer, plants will 
grow faster, than when set 
by hand. 

It saves time, it saves 
labor, it saves stooping, it 
works well in dry ground, 
it works well in wet ground. 

It opens the ground, does 
not plaster the sides of the 
hole as when setting with 
the "peg "or by hand; puts 
the plant in the ground and 
presses the earth around 
the roots, not at the bud, all 
' '• at one stroke, without stoop- 

in Z' 

' It is simple, light, effect- 
ive and cheap. 

Truckers need it, gardeners require it, nurserymen want it, tomato 
growers must have it, and tobacco planters cannot do without it ; in 
fact, it is an indispensable article on the farm. PRICE $7.00. 




The Warfield Manufacturing Co., sole manufacturers, 336, 338, 340 and 342 
North Street, Baltimore, Md. Manufacturers of Special Machinery, Fruit and 
Vegetable Packers' Machinery of every description. Agents wanted in every 
County in the United States. Will lease State and County rights to the proper 
parties. 



Useful Information. 



THE STANDARD OF THE BALTIMORE CANNED GOODS 

EXCHANGE. 



Apples. — Pared and cored, clear in color, cans to be full of fruit, 
put up in water. 

Blackberries. — Cans to cut out not less than two-thirds full after 
draining ; fruit to be sound, put up in water. 

Cherries. — White Wax. Cans to be full of fruit, free of specks 
and decay, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold cane sugar 
syrup. 

Cherries. — Red. Cans full of fruit, free of specks or decay, put 
up in water. 

Gooseberries. — Cans to cut out not less than two-thirds full after 
draining, fruit unripe and uncapped, put up in water. 

Egg Plums and Green Gages. — Cans full, whole fruit, free from 
reddish color or specks, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold 
cane sugar syrup. 

Peaches. — Cans full, fruit good size, evenly pared, cut in half 
pieces, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold cane sugar syrup. 

Pie Peaches. — Cans full, fruit sound, unpared, cut in half pieces, 
put up in water. 

Pears. — Bartlett. Cans full, fruit white and clear, pared, cut in 
half or quarter pieces, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold 
cane sugar syrup. 

Pears. — Bell or Duchess. Cans full, fruit pared, cut in half or 
quarter pieces, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold cane sugar 
syrup. 

Pine Apples. — Cans full, fruit sound and carefully pared, slices laid 
in evenly, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold cane sugar syrup. 

Plums and Damsons. — Cans full, sound fruit, put up in water. 



58 USEFUL INFORMATION. 

Quinces. — Cans full, fruit pared and cored, cut in half or quarter 
pieces, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold cane sugar syrup. 

Raspberries. — Cans to cut out not less than two-thirds full after 
draining, fruit to be sound, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold 
cane sugar syrup. 

Strawberries. — Cans to cut out after draining not less than half 
full of fruit, which shall be sound and not of the varieties known as 
seedlings, put up in not less than ten degrees of cold cane sugar syrup. 

Whortleberries. — Cans full, fruit to be sound, put up in water. 

VEGETABLES. 

Lima Beans. — Cans full of green beans, clear liquor. 

Siring Beans. — Cans full, beans young and tender and carefully 
strung, packed during growing season. 

Corn. — Sweet corn only to be used, cut from the cob while young 
and tender, cans to cut out full of corn. 

Peas. — Cans full of young and tender peas, free of yellow or black 
eyes, liquor clear. 

Pumpkin. — To be solid packed as possible, free from lumps and 
of good color. 



USEFUL INFORMATION. 59 



CANNED GOODS LAW OF MARYLAND. 



Approved by the Governor, April 7, 1886. 

Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, 
That it shall be unlawful in this State for any packer of or dealer in 
hermetically canned or preserved fruits, vegetables or articles of food 
(excepting oysters), to sell such canned or preserved fruits, vegetables 
or other articles of food aforesaid, unless the cans, jars or vessels 
which contain the same shall bear the name and address of the 
pers'on, firm or corporation that canned or packed the article, or the 
name of the dealer who purchases the same from the packer or his 
agent ; such name and address shall be plainly printed on the label in 
letters not less than three-sixteenths of an inch in height and one- 
eighth of an inch in breadth, together with a brand-mark or term 
indicating clearly the grade or quality of the article contained therein. 

Sec. 2. And be it enacted, That all packers and dealers in " Soaked 
Goods." put up from products dried or cured before canning or seal- 
ing, shall in addition to complying with the provisions of section one 
of this Act, cause to be printed plainly diagonally across the face of 
the label in good legible type, one-half of an inch in height and 
three-eighths of an inch in width, the words " Soaked Goods." 

Sec. 3. And be it enacted, Any person, firm or corporation violat- 
ing any of the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor and fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than one 
thousand dollars, to be recovered by indictment in any court in this 
State having criminal jurisdiction, one-half of said fine to be paid to 
the informer and the other half to the State Treasury, as other fines 
are paid. 

Sec. 4. This Act shall take effect from November 1, 1886. 



6o USEFUL INFORMATION. 



NEW YORK CANNED GOODS BILL. 



Chapter 269. An act in relation to canned or preserved food ; 
passed May 12, 1885 ; three-fifths being present. The people of 
the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do 
enact as follows : 

Section i. It shall hereafter be unlawful in this State for any 
packer of or dealer in hermetically sealed, canned or preserved fruits, 
vegetables or other articles of food, to sell or. offer such canned or 
preserved articles for sale, for consumption in this State, after January 
1, eighteen hundred and eighty-six, unless the cans or jars which 
contain the same shall bear the name, address and place of business 
of the person, firm or corporation that canned or packed the article 
so offered, or the name of the wholesale dealer in this State who sells 
or offers the same for sale ; together in all cases with the name of the 
State, county and city, town or village, where the same were packed, 
plainly printed thereon, preceded by the words " Packed at." Such 
name, address and place of business shall be plainly printed on the 
label, together with a mark or term indicating clearly the grade or 
quality of the article contained therein. 

Sec. 2. All packers of and dealers in soaked goods or goods put 
up from products dried or cured before canning, shall in addition to 
complying with the provisions of section one of this act, cause to be 
plainly branded on the face of the label in good legible type, one- 
half of an inch in height and three-eighths of an inch in width, the 
word " Soaked." 

Sec. 3. All goods packed prior to the passage of this act, and all 
goods imported or to be imported from foreign countries of foreign 
manufacture, are exempted from the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 4. Any packer or dealer who shall violate any of the provi- 
sions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and pun- 
ished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars for each offense in the 
case of retail dealers, and in the case of wholesale dealers and packers 



USEFUL INFORMATION. 6l 

by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars nor more than one 
thousand dollars for each offense. The terms " packer " and " dealer " 
as used in this act shall be deemed to include any firm or corporation 
doing business as a dealer in or packer of the articles mentioned in 
this act. It shall be the duty of any board of health in this State 
cognizant of any violation of this act to prosecute any person, firm 
or corporation which it has any reason to believe has violated any of 
the provisions of this act, and the court or officer receiving the fine 
under any conviction under this act, after deducting the cost of trial 
and conviction, shall pay the same over to the board of health pro- 
secuting the case. In case such offense is not prosecuted by any 
board of health, the fine received shall be disposed of in the manner 
now provided for. 



62 



USEFUL INFORMATION. 



STANDARD SIZES FOR CANS, 

Adopted by the Baltimore Canned Goods Exchange, 
November 19, 1883. 





Diameter. 


Height. 


No. 1 Cans 

No. 2 Cans 


2! in. 

3 7-16 in. 

4 3-16 in. 

6k in. 


4 in. 
4 9-16 in. 
4! in. 

7 in. 


No 3 Cans 


No. 6 Cans, twice the quantity of No. 3. 
No 10 Cans. 





STANDARD SIZES OF BOXES. 
Sizes of Boxes for Canned Goods — inside measurement. 

2 dozen Cans, size 1. n£x Six 8* inches. 

2 " " " 2 i4jxio£x 9^ 

2 " " " 3 ,17^x13 xioi 

4 " " " 1 i6jxnix 84 

1 " " " 1, flat n*x 8ix 4* 

1 " " " 2, flat i^lxio^x 4! 

i " Gallon Cans 19 xi2$x jk 

1 " " high boxes... 19 X12IX14 

1 " " " flat boxes 25^x19 x 7 

1 " No. 6 Cans 2ofxi5lx 6i 



SIZES OF TIN PLATE USED IN CANMAKING. 

I. C. 14x20, Coke ■. B. V. Grade. 

I. C. 12x12, Coke B. V. Grade. 

I. C. 13x26, Coke -. Bi V. Grade. 

I. C. 14x20 I. B. Grade. 

I. C. 14x20 Charcoal. 



SHIPPING WEIGHTS FOR CANNED GOODS. 

No. 1 Boxes 26 pounds. 

No. 2 Boxes 46 pounds. 

No. 3 Boxes 70 pounds. 



USEFUL INFORMATION. 63 



STEAM. 

A cubic inch of water evaporated under ordinary atmospheric 
pressure is converted into a cubic foot of steam (approximately). 

Steam at atmospheric pressure flows into a vacuum at the rate of 
about 1550 feet per second, and into the atmosphere at the rate of 
650 feet per second. 

27.222 cubic feet of steam weigh i lb; 13.817 cubic feet of air 
weigh 1 lb. 

The best designed boilers, well set, with good draft and skillful 
firing, will evaporate from 7 to 10 lbs of water per lb of first-class 
coal. The average result is from 25 to 60 per cent below this. 

In calculating horse-power of tubular or flue boilers, consider 15 
square feet of heating surface equivalent to one nominal horse- power. 

One square foot of grate will consume on an average 12 lbs of coal 
per hour. 

Locomotives average a consumption of 3000 gallons of water per 
100 miles run. 

WEIGHT AND COMPARATIVE FUEL VALUE OF WOOD. 

One cord air-dried hickory or hard maple weighs about 4500 lbs, 
and is equal to about 2000 lbs coal. 

One cord air-dried white oak weighs about 3850 lbs, and is equal 
to about 1715 lbs coal. 

One cord air-dried beech, red oak or black oak weighs about 
3250 lbs, and is equal to about 1450 lbs coal. 

One cord air-dried poplar, chestnut or elm weighs about 2350 lbs, 
and is equal to about 1050 lbs coal. 

One cord air-dried average pine weighs about 2000 lbs, and is 
equal to about 925 lbs coal. 

From the above it is safe to assume that 2\ lbs of dry wood is 
equal to 1 lb average quality of soft coal, and that the fuel value of 
the same weight of different woods is very nearly the same — that is, 
a pound of hickory is worth no more for fuel than a pound of pine, 



64 USEFUL INFORMATION. 

assuming both to be dry. It is important that the wood be dry, as 
each 10 per cent of water or moisture in wood will detract about 12 
per cent from its value as fuel. 

Water. — About 30 feet is the practical limit to which water can 
be raised by suction. Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its 
capacity four times. Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the 
square of the velocity. 



RULES FOR CALCULATING THE SPEED OF PULLEYS 

AND GEARS. 

In calculating for gears, multiply or divide by the number of teeth 
as may be required. In calculating for pulleys, multiply or divide 
by their diameter in inches. 

The driving wheel is called the Driver ; and the driven wheel the 
Driven. 

To Find the Diameter of the Driving Pulley. 

Multiply the diameter of the driven pulley, in inches, by its 
required number of revolutions, and divide this product by the 
number of revolutions of the driver. The quotient will be the 
diameter of the driving pulley in inches. 

To Find the Diameter of the Driven Pulley. 

Reverse the above operation, multiplying together diameter of 
driving pulley and its number of revolutions, and dividing product 
by required number of revolutions of driven. The quotient will be 
the diameter of the driven pulley. 

To Find the Number of Revolutions of the Driven Pulley. 

Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of revolutions, 
and divide the product by the diameter of the driven pulley. The 
quotient will be the number of revolutions of the driven pulley. 



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